Keywords
Inguinal hernia
Iraq
Males
Risk factors
Categories
How to Cite
Abstract
Introduction: Inguinal hernia is one of the most common surgical conditions, particularly among males. Despite its prevalence, limited regional data exist on the associated risk factors in Iraq. This study aimed to identify socio-demographic, lifestyle, and clinical risk factors contributing to inguinal hernia among male patients.
Methods: A case-control study was conducted on 250 male patients diagnosed with inguinal hernia at multiple public hospitals and surgical clinics across three major cities in Iraq: Wasit, Baghdad, and Basra. Compared with a 250-member control group. Data were collected using structured questionnaires covering socio-demographic details, occupational exposure, lifestyle habits, medical history, and family history. Univariate and logistic regression analyses were performed to identify significant risk factors.
Results: Most patients (57.5%) were between 41 and 60 years old. Heavy lifting (63.6%), smoking(62.0%), chronic cough (38.6%), and constipation (32.4%) were frequently reported. A positive family history was noted in 22.4% of cases. Univariate analysis revealed significant associations between inguinal hernia and heavy lifting (p < 0.001), smoking (p < 0.001), chronic cough (p = 0.002), constipation (p = 0.020), and a family history of inguinal hernia (p = 0.001). Logistic regression confirmed heavy lifting (OR=2.78), family history (OR=2.46), smoking (OR=1.69), and chronic cough (OR=1.54) as independent risk factors.
Conclusion: Heavy lifting, smoking, chronic cough, and family history were significantly associated with increased risk of inguinal hernia among Iraqi males. Public health strategies that focus on prevention, early identification, and lifestyle modification are essential for reducing the incidence and recurrence of this condition.
References
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