Abstract
Language barriers in healthcare are a persistent challenge that disproportionately affect patients with limited English proficiency (LEP), contributing to disparities in care, poor health outcomes, and patient dissatisfaction. In internal medicine, where effective communication is essential for diagnosis, management, and chronic disease follow-up, these barriers hinder quality and equity. This review synthesizes the current evidence on the impact of language discordance in internal medicine, explores effective mitigation strategies including interpreter services, culturally competent care, and technological tools and offers policy and practice recommendations to promote equitable healthcare delivery.
References
1. Al Shamsi, H., et al., Implications of Language Barriers for Healthcare: A Systematic Review. Oman Med J, 2020. 35(2): p. e122.
2. Flores, G., Language barriers to health care in the United States. N Engl J Med, 2006. 355(3): p. 229-31.
3. Ngo-Metzger, Q., et al., Providing high-quality care for limited English proficient patients: the importance of language concordance and interpreter use. J Gen Intern Med, 2007. 22 Suppl 2(Suppl 2): p. 324-30.
4. Jacobs, E., et al., The need for more research on language barriers in health care: a proposed research agenda. Milbank Q, 2006. 84(1): p. 111-33.
5. Adashi, E.Y., H.J. Geiger, and M.D. Fine, Health care reform and primary care--the growing importance of the community health center. N Engl J Med, 2010. 362(22): p. 2047-50.
6. Derose, K.P., J.J. Escarce, and N. Lurie, Immigrants and health care: sources of vulnerability. Health Aff (Millwood), 2007. 26(5): p. 1258-68.
7. Jacobs, E.A., et al., Overcoming language barriers in health care: costs and benefits of interpreter services. Am J Public Health, 2004. 94(5): p. 866-9.
8. Sentell, T. and K.L. Braun, Low health literacy, limited English proficiency, and health status in Asians, Latinos, and other racial/ethnic groups in California. J Health Commun, 2012. 17 Suppl 3(Suppl 3): p. 82-99.
9. Divi, C., et al., Language proficiency and adverse events in US hospitals: a pilot study. Int J Qual Health Care, 2007. 19(2): p. 60-7.
10. Ali, P.A. and R. Watson, Language barriers and their impact on provision of care to patients with limited English proficiency: Nurses' perspectives. J Clin Nurs, 2018. 27(5-6): p. e1152-e1160.
11. Pandey, M., et al., Impacts of English language proficiency on healthcare access, use, and outcomes among immigrants: a qualitative study. BMC Health Serv Res, 2021. 21(1): p. 741.
12. Karliner, L.S., et al., Do professional interpreters improve clinical care for patients with limited English proficiency? A systematic review of the literature. Health Serv Res, 2007. 42(2): p. 727-54.
13. Flores, G., et al., Errors in medical interpretation and their potential clinical consequences in pediatric encounters. Pediatrics, 2003. 111(1): p. 6-14.
14. Diamond, L.C. and E.A. Jacobs, Let's not contribute to disparities: the best methods for teaching clinicians how to overcome language barriers to health care. J Gen Intern Med, 2010. 25 Suppl 2(Suppl 2): p. S189-93.
15. Sutcliffe, K.M., E. Lewton, and M.M. Rosenthal, Communication failures: an insidious contributor to medical mishaps. Acad Med, 2004. 79(2): p. 186-94.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2025 ASIDE Internal Medicine